Alexander Technique

The acclaimed Athenian comic dramatist Menander (342-291 B. C. ) once said â€Å"health and mind are the two gifts of life. † This was the point of view of his practically reasonable portrayal of a situational character as a high quality humorist wherein brain and body were thrilled upon Menander’s parodies. Likely the best part of Menander’s humorousness was his adroit mental and physical signals that spellbound the suddenness which he passed on to the audience.The transport of mental and physical motions have to be sure become the helpful standard of the Australian entertainer and Shakespearean speaker Frederick Matthias Alexander (1869-1955) who at that point found a procedure of successful vocalization through mental and physical easement and control known as the ‘Alexander Technique’. In such manner, this paper will examine a few investigations on the Alexander Technique which has been known and received by most stage and film entertainers and h as been openly prescribed to be utilized as treatment. What is Alexander Technique?According to the electronic diary, ‘The Complete Guide to Alexander Technique’, the Alexander Technique (AT) was created in the mid 1900’s by Frederick Matthias Alexander (1869-1955) to discharge his incessant laryngitis pressure for best vocal execution which he later created as a total mental and non-intrusive treatment. In light of the individual experience of famous wellbeing editorialist of the New York Times Jane Brody, the Alexander strategy is a strategy for modifying body stances to calm her harming stresses, such as alleviating her neck strain, infrequent agony, and in any event, devastating fits (Brody, 1990).Moreover, as indicated by Anne Rickover’s Life Bridge Coaching, the Alexander Technique can be useful to everybody, particularly the individuals who are occupied with the fragile harmonization of the psyche and body [like entertainers, artists and musicians], just as to harmed performers. Today, the authority of this method is required in different expressions and music schools across Europe, America and Australasia. (Rickover, R. , 2007). Reason of strategy According to Nicholas Brockbank, an instructor of the Alexander Technique, the elements of brain (mental) and body (physical) are the essential facilitates in utilizing the Alexander Technique.Thus, the coordinative capacities are the fundamental strategy for application or use. The revelation of practical directions [as a method] was respected by Frederick Matthias Alexander when he felt his voice or vocalization was â€Å"vacillating† (Brockbank, 2007). Before a mirror, Alexander watched the irregularity of his voice to his brain setting. Additionally, the brain and the body were â€Å"indivisible† human resources from which the manner in which individuals think the manner in which they acted was the essential driver of their physical ills (Brockbank, 2007).Brockbank reasoned that the strategy for planning psyche and body are components of â€Å"physical habits† that Alexander Technique receives the strategy for utilitarian directions (Brockbank, 2007). Utilization of strategy Upon Frederick Matthias Alexander’s disclosure and reception of the technique, he was propelled and urged to impart it to performing craftsman, most particularly with the artists and the vocalists, which he thought were worried during the practices with the additional uneasiness (stage fear) before the audience.To refer to, the psychological and physical development must be applied with appropriate coordination and capacity [as the good judgment and body] that in the long run meets and sets aside the complex of stress that may result to Repetitive Strain Injury (which turns into a clinical term known as RSI), which is a typical physical issue of artists, artist, and artists (Brockbank, 2007).The Alexander Technique has created as a successful and material st rategy in organizing the psychological and physical capacities and are utilized by a large portion of the performing specialists like Paul McCartney, Yehudi Menuhin, Sting, Julian Bream, James Galway, and the conductor, Sir Adrian Boul (Brockbank, 2007). It has likewise been coordinated into the educational programs of different schools, for example, the Juilliard School of Performing Arts in New York, The Royal College of Music in London, the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto, and different schools of music, colleges and universities around the globe (Brockbank, 2007).Findings, expressive strategies, and pertinence The engaging methodology in applying the strategy for Alexander Technique are seen as like the technique for â€Å"Ergonomics†. A few â€Å"naturalists† [or those utilizing the normal fix and therapy] accept that what Frederick Matthias Alexander found was a â€Å"self-taught† system which he by chance applied and thought as his own technique. I n which case, the naturalists recognizes Alexander’s disclosure as an applied characteristic science.Meaning, Alexander conjectured and rehearsed the use of Ergonomics technique wherein a few strategies for regular fix were just restricted to nations like Asia, Africa, the Middle East and different pieces of European nations. In addition, as indicated by Mark Hyman’s diary, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, the normal fix through treatment has for some time been drilled by the Egyptians, Africans, Chinese, and the Malays. Among of the indigenous and celebrated regular fixes are Acupuncture, Acupressure or the Thai back rub, fragrance based treatment, Reiki, and what is usually referred to today as techniques for â€Å"Reflexology† or Physical treatment (Hyman, 2008).According to Holly A. Sweeney, an ensured Ergonomist, the main strategy that is being perceived in Alexander Technique is that the utilitarian utilization of psyche and body arranges with out outer physical control. Moreover, the intensity of reasoning (mind) has a few degrees or level of transcription to what the physical (body) self will do or to do (Sweeney, 2007). In view of Sweeney’s discoveries, the term â€Å"ergonomics† is gotten from the two Greek words â€Å"ERG† (which means to work) and â€Å"NOMOI† (which means regular laws).The investigation of Ergonomics centers around human ability towards work, in which the association or connection to work will meet the â€Å"demand† or execution of human capacity that has the accompanying basics: (1) All work exercises ought to permit the laborer take on similarly solid and safe stances, (2) Muscular power must be applied it ought to be finished by the biggest proper muscle bunches accessible, and (3) Work exercises ought to be completed with the joints at about mid-purpose of their scope of development which applies explicitly to the head, trunk, and upper appendages. (Cortlett, 1983; in Sweeney, 2007).It might be reasoned from the discoveries of Sweeney that Ergonomics is a lot of interrelated strategy to Alexander’s, considering the way that Ergonomics additionally covers all â€Å"stress-out† strategies, which is otherwise called extending at the unexpected fit of body joints and muscles while at work. In any case, the acknowledgment of Alexander Technique [although corresponding to Ergonomics] has been done by the one of a kind strategy for â€Å"exercising out† the pressure from the vocal harmonies of the artist and larynx of artists [using pipe instruments] through coordination of â€Å"psycho-physical† capacities (Sweeney, 2007).In expansion, the useful â€Å"psycho-physical† coordination conjures the ability of the entertainer with an unexpected â€Å"gush† of regard and fearlessness that passes on the great physical stance and immaculate vocalization (Sweeney, 2007). End Natural fix is indigenous and mostly a transformative medication that supplements the persistent improvement of clinical sciences. Surely, what has been cited by Menander (342-291 B. C.), that â€Å"health and keenness are the two favors of life†, has been demonstrated by the hypothesis and practice of Frederick Matthias Alexander. The Alexander Technique is a characteristic treatment that must give assistance of formative examinations as a helpful recuperating strategy that holds fast to preventive medication. The restorative worth shows the advantages, handiness, and cost effectiveness. In any case, the act of the Alexander Technique may just be restricted and applicable to word related work of eminent expertise.The practice of Alexander Technique could be increasingly useful, proper, and restorative when esteemed at the enormous scope backing of treatment. Throughout the years, the going with advancement of clinical science has gotten experimentation of logical adventures. The clinical misbehavior in symptom atic and hospitalized treatment despite everything happens far and wide, in spite of the fact that the episodes are not many and not disturbing. The suspicion may not exclusively be a post-careful injury however a social shame. For all intents and purposes, nobody needs to be hospitalized.This for the most part because of the enormous expenses of hospitalization, shortage to human services advantages or clinical government assistance (explicitly in poor nations), the flooding costs of prescriptions, and the nervousness to clinical treatment or â€Å"medical phobia†. It very well may be then reasoned that different types of regular recuperating, similar to Alexander Technique, could be excused into a more extensive social point of view as a preventive elective medication as opposed to continually falling back on clinic fix. References Brody, J. (1990). ‘Personal Health’. New York Times electronic magazine.Retrieved 10 May 2008 from http://inquiry. nytimes. com/gst /fullpage. html? res=9C0CE0DB1031F932A15755C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Brockbank, N. (2007). ‘What did Alexander Discover †And for what reason is it Important? ’ . Recovered 10 May 2008 from http://www. alexandertechnique. com/articles2/brockbank/. Hyman, M. A. (2008). ‘Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine’. InnoVision Issue Vol. 14, No. 3. Recovered 10 May 2008 from http://www. elective treatments advanced. com/elective treatments/20070506/?sub_id=DLuKONBMDWMwD. Rickover, R.

The Awakening Essays (813 words) - The Awakening, Grand Isle, Edna

The Awakening The Awakening The Awakening, composed by Kate Chopin, recounts to the tale of a lady, Edna Pontellier, who experiences a change from a faithful housewife to an individual who is bursting at the seams with quality, character and feelings which she no longer needs to quell. This transformation is formed by her environmental factors. Similarly as her conduct is all the more stunning and astonishing as a result of her situation in Grand Isle society, it is that very position which makes her vibe controlled and causes her to long to revolt. Adele Ratignolle is Edna's dear companion and partner. Anyway the two ladies are not all that much. Adele is the ideal housewife and mother, and the encapsulation of what a Creole lady ought to be. Adele carries on with her life for her kids, continually being certain that they are appropriately thought about, dressed, and taught. Dissimilar to Adele, whose life is satisfied through adoring and thinking about her youngsters, Edna is ?enamored with her kids in a lopsided, indiscreet way.? All things considered, her kids are insufficient to legitimize her life. Adele can not see how Edna could state that she ?[will] never penance herself to her youngsters, or for anybody.? Edna's being is taking on another significance in her life. She is beginning to acknowledge exactly that it is so essential to be consistent with herself. She obliges the state of affairs expected to be, holds her socials, and keeps an eye on her home until she becomes mindful that she needs more from her life. Addit ionally, Edna's union with Leonce is sheltered, however there is no enthusiasm or fervor. She just ?[grows] enamored with her significant other, acknowledging with some untouchable fulfillment that no hint of energy or unreasonable and imaginary warmth shading her fondness.? While this absence of feeling is sufficient to fulfill Edna for most of her marriage, after she starts to permit her actual self to approach, she feels caught and looks for an approach to get away. She understands that she need not fit the form of the regular Creole lady. Her way of life chokes out her. Notwithstanding her way of life, Edna's conduct is all the more stunning and alarming in view of her situation in the public eye as a lady. Like Edna's relationship with her kids is her relationship with her better half, Leonce. The Grand Isle society characterizes the job of spouse to be full dedication towards their better half and to benevolence for your significant other. Edna never clings to the general public's definition, even toward the start of the novel. For instance, different women at Grand Isle ?all [declare] that Mr. Pontellier is the best spouse on the planet.? Edna is ?compelled to concede she knew about none better.? By utilizing words like ?constrained? what's more, ?concede? Chopin shows Edna's actual emotions towards Leonce. Also, Edna's open relationship with Robert, a solitary man is over the top. For example, Robert and Edna share the late spring warmth of the Gulf as they gently talk. Robert ?speaks a lot about himself.? By the by, they talk about the breeze, the joy they have while swimming?all the things that displease Mr. Pontellier. The scene Chopin depicts is a scene for sweethearts. Additionally, Edna has no enthusiasm for watching her youngsters. Indeed, Leonce gives a ?quadroon nurture? to care for their youngsters. Edna longs to revolt by doing all the things that are not expected of her. She swims at some random hour of the day. As indicated by her significant other it is ?imprudence: to swim in such warmth. Notwithstanding her swimming, Edna breaks the social code, which quantifies a lady's decency by the cut of her dress, the length of her gloves and the shade of her composition. Leonce discloses to Edna she is ?copied to the point of being indistinguishable.? In conclusion, Edna's journey to revolt is interested by Mademoiselle Reiz, who is a splendid piano player. Mademoiselle Reiz's ability is to some degree lost on the others on the island. They can't value her creativity, as does Edna in light of the fact that Reiz doesn't accommodate their concept of what an appropriate lady ought to be; she is flighty and striking. Her music contacts Edna to the very center of her being. Something inside her is mixed, and she feels alive like at no other time in her life. Edna regards Reiz in light of the fact that she has the fortitude to appear as something else.

Blog Archive Ask CBS and Yale SOM Admissions Officers Your Application Questions on May 10!

Blog Archive Ask CBS and Yale SOM Admissions Officers Your Application Questions on May 10! Are you applying to Columbia Business School (CBS) or the Yale School of Management (SOM)? If so, you will not want to miss this chance to learn from the schools’ very own admissions officers! On May 10, 2017, mbaMission’s founder/president, Jeremy Shinewald, will facilitate a two-hour webinar for the final installment of our five-part series: “Your Dream MBA: 5 Steps to Getting In.” From 8:00 to 10:00 p.m. EDT, Jeremy will take and share questions from attendees, while Bruce DelMonico (assistant dean and director of admissions at Yale SOM) and Amanda Carlson (assistant dean of admissions at CBS) offer invaluable insight and advice. About the Admissions Officers: Bruce DelMonico has been at the helm of Yale SOM admissions for the past 12 years. After earning a JD from the University of Virginia’s School of Law and working as an attorney, Bruce made the transition into admissions when he accepted the position of deputy director of admissions at Yale SOM in 2004. In the years following, DelMonico moved on to assistant dean and director of admissions at the school, which has seen a 70% increase in application volume since he started. Last year, mbaMission was lucky enough to conduct an exclusive interview with DelMonico, in which he discussed the admissions committee’s consensus approach to admit decisions and the number one thing applicants should do when they find themselves on the waitlist (among other topics). Now, we are pleased to welcome Bruce back for the second year in a row for the final installment of our Dream MBA series. Amanda Carlson was named assistant dean of admissions at CBS in 2012, though she has been on the Columbia admissions panel since 2002. Prior to joining the Columbia culture, Carlson did campus recruiting for McKinsey Company, served on the board of the Forte Foundation, and was a member of the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC) annual conference advisory committee. We spoke one-on-one with Carlson about CBS’s resources and admissions processes in 2013, and this year we are pleased that she is joining us once again for Questions and Answers with MBA Admissions Officers! We hope you will join us for this special series. Please reserve your spot by signing up here. Share ThisTweet Business School Columbia University (Columbia Business School) Events Yale University (School of Management)

Kubrick And Lynch On The Patriarchy - 1581 Words

Kubrick and Lynch on the Patriarchy Stanley Kubrick’s great breadth of work spans over forty-eight years, and due to both his longevity and skill, he has influenced filmmakers from several generations. Kubrick has been named as a creative influence for a myriad of filmmakers, including Steven Spielberg, Woody Allen, Terry Gilliam, the Coen Brothers and Christopher Nolan [2,3]. Kubrick presents sensitive events in an unbiased manner, withholding an opinion on the topic. By not offering a resolution or a stance, he forces viewers to see the evils of man objectively. There is usually no punishment for the morally corrupt acts, because that offers a more accurate portrayal of reality. Characters often do not fully develop in Kubrick films, again as if to replicate reality. These unsettling techniques have left a clear impression on the filmmaker David Lynch. His films often share a sense of amorality that goes unpunished or unaddressed. Their respective world views are equally cynical, criticizing traditionalism in society. Arguably one of the most consistent links between Stanley Kubrick and David Lynch is their portrayal of women in film. Stanley Kubrick does not choose to emphasize the struggles of being a woman in a patriarchal society. Instead, he shows women through the patriarchal gaze. In A Clockwork Orange, women are literally objectified, as plastic statues of naked women are used as coffee tables in the Korova Milk Bar. This introduces the viewers to the protagonist,

The Effects Of Television Violence On Children - 1552 Words

The average American aged 15 and older, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, watches for leisure 2.8 hours of television a day. There is the constant outcry from parents and teachers that children are growing to be television-obsessed zombies, or that the exposure to violence from their favorite shows are going to cause aggressive actions. But if that is true, then how is it that we as adults are able to stop ourselves from murdering everyone we see, especially if we have so many television programs with violence as a feature? The effect that television violence has on us does not come out in our behavior so much as our beliefs around the world. One of the often-joked rules of television is that sex and violence sells. It may be said tongue-in-cheek, and yet we see it all the time in advertising, movies, or television. When asked for shows in regards of violence an incredible list immediately springs to mind: Criminal Minds, Law and Order, CSI, Blue Bloods, Sons of Anarchy, and more. Even as children, there is a great exposure to violence--mainly for humor’s sake. Think of the classic Tom and Jerry show, or how often Wile E. Coyote was hurt in his dogged pursuit of the Road Runner. This exposure to violence even goes as far as to the news programs. It is the case more often than not to report on the negatives happening in the world around us than the positives. Why? People tend to be more interested in seeing the world burn than grow. I know that I as a viewer haveShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Television Violence on Children1315 Words   |  6 Pages Shortly after a Boston television station showed a movie depicting teenagers dousing a derelict with gasoline and setting him afire, six youths attacked a woman and set her on fire in an identical manner. Several months later, NBC televised Born Innocent, a made-for-television- movie, which showed the sexual violation of a young girl with a broom handle. Three days after this program aired, a group of girls committed a similar attack on another 9-year-old girl (â€Å"Wild† A20). These are justRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children1735 Words   |  7 Pageswatches approximately 23 hours of television weekly. Children spend more time watching TV than doing any other leisure activity. By the time they finish high school, most have spent more time in front of the TV than in the classroom (Strasburger, 1995). On average, a child will see 18,000 murders, robberies, bombings, assaults, and beatings in their years of watching television (Liebowitz, 1997). Not to mention all the food commercials. In today s society, the television is used for more than just entertainmentRead MoreTelevision Violence and Its Effect on Children867 Words   |  4 PagesTelevision Violence and Its Effect on Children The children of today are surrounded by technology and entertainment that is full of violence. It is estimated that the average child watches from three to five hours of television a day! (Neilson 1993). Listening to music is also a time consuming pastime among children. With all of that exposure, one might pose the question, How can seeing so much violence on television and video games and hearing about violence in in music affect a childs behaviorRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children915 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Today violence is the gold of television. Violence has become a high demand by the viewers. The more violence equals more views which equals more demand. According to Hamilton (2002), â€Å"Children are not the target of advertisers on most violent programs. But their exposure to violent images can lead to social damages not factored into decisions about when to air programs and where to draw the line on content† (p. 18). The controversial debate that television violence influence children is nothingRead MoreEffects Of Television Violence On Children Essay1722 Words   |  7 PagesEffect of Television Violence Program on Children Now more and more violence television shows appear on the screen. A lot of television shows will remind that is available for certain range of audience. Of course, elementary school student, mostly watch cartoon. However, the television production people will add violence into the show. This study aimed to demonstrate the gender-specific impact of violence-oriented television cartoons for children, and to identify the behaviors demonstrating thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesThis guest teaches your children to resolve conflicts through violence. The guest baby sits your kids and teaches them principles you don’t agree with. Does watching violence in TV is harmful for your children? Is it Ok to let the 2 year olds watch TV unsupervised? No says the American replacing baby sitters? Hypothesis: Extensive viewing of television violence causes children to behave in aggressive or harmful ways to others. Children model behavior they see in the media, she wrote in 1993. IfRead MoreEffects of Television Violence and Children3538 Words   |  15 PagesEffects of Television violence and Children Outline: I.THESIS STAEMENT: Although the television serves as a form of entertainment, when you abuse its use, and make it a habit to watch, it gives negative effects on the behavior of children especially in their brain’s development. II. PORPUSE OF THE RESEARCH III. INTRODUCTION IV. HIPOTHESIS amp; METHOD A. CHILDREN QUESTIONNAIRE 1. HOW IT CAN AFFECT VIEWER’S BEHAVIOUR 2. CHILDREN RESPONSES B. EFFECTS amp; RESULTS 1. NEGATIVE EFFECTS a. Behavior ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children978 Words   |  4 PagesTelevision has become one of the most, if not the most, used form of entertainment for all ages. Every TV show has some kind of age limit whether it’s rated G or R, it’s not always easy for parents to moderate what their children are watching. Young children are very moldable, not only by the people around them, but what is on TV. I have conducted an experiment to see how much violence and aggression are in everyday television shows that children are likely to watch. I have watched three differentRead MoreThe Effects of Television Violence on Children Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pages Thesis Statement: Unsupervised children who watch violence on television exhibit violence in their everyday lives and develop into aggressive adults. â€Å"Research shows that television violence increases levels of aggression, fear, and desensitization among some who consume it† (Hamilton). This quotation by James Hamilton briefly summarizes the potentially negative effects of television on young minds. A child’s favorite television show can keep a child occupied while the mother preparesRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Television Violence on Children712 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effects of Television Violence on Children According to the Article ?Violence on Television? published by the American Psychological Association at the website http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/violence.html, ?violent programs on television lead to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch those programs.? Thats the word from a 1982 report by the National Institute of Mental Health, a report that confirmed and extended an earlier study done by the Surgeon General. As a result of

Money Laundering And Its Effects On The World - 2534 Words

Arvon Lunsford Professor Kuchta ENGL 102 15 November 2016 Money Laundering In todays world there are so many different ways to commit a crime. You might not even realize it, that it could be a family member or even a really close friend committing these crimes. I am talking about a white collard crime called Money laundering. Have you ever wondered what Money laundering really is? With this research paper, you will get a chance to finally learn what it really is all about. You will get an inside look into Money laundering. From their we will learn about the types of people that commit this type of crime and why. Then we will look into how they ended up getting caught. After that we will take a look into all the cases against the people and corporations that were caught red-handed laundering money. Now that I have caught you’re your attention, you are probably thinking to yourself; â€Å"What is Money laundering?† Money laundering is a term that â€Å"refers to the activities and financial transactions that are undertaken specifically to hide the true source of the money† (IRS.GOV) that you have received. This is usually happening when you are receiving your money illegally and trying to show that you are receiving the money from actual business type situations. A great example would be a drug dealer receiving all of his money from selling drugs and then turning around and saying he is receiving the money from a fake storefront or even from construction. When in reality they do notShow MoreRelatedMoney Laundering Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Money laundering†, is a term that is often used in association with illegal activities, especially in terms of terrorist actions. Many news reports in televisions and newspapers have used the term money laundering but still, the general public do not have enough knowledge of what money laundering is and the corresponding effects upon society. In line with this, there is also a need to further study the processes that are involved in money laundering in order to properly address the aforementionedRead MoreWhy Do I Think It Is A Macroeconomics Issue?918 Words   |  4 PagesMoney laundering Why do I think it is a macroeconomics issue? Macroeconomics is a science that studies nature, relationships and behaviour of economic aggregates: national income, total consumption expenditure, total employment and the general price level (Dwivedi, 2010, p.7). In macroeconomics money is considered as a critical element playing the role of encouraging the trading of goods and services. The term Money laundering is used to describe an illegal way of putting money in circulation whichRead MoreGross Domestic Product ( Gdp )1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthe latter uses more governmental outlays than most nations, all nations to some degree make attempts to alleviate economic downturns, as well as to maximize upward movement. Though there must be concern for issues such as the notorious crowding out effect, government activity is often the catalyst to dramatic changes in the economy. The previous example of China as an exporter is true, however it must be noted that it too relies heavily on government expenditures to create a stable economy that hasRead MoreThe Mafias Money Laundering988 Words   |  4 PagesMoney Laundering The term money laundering is said to create from Mafia possession of Laundromats in the United States. Gangsters there were earning huge sums in cash from extortion, prostitution, gambling and bootleg liquor. They needed to demonstrate a legitimate source for these monies. ‘Money laundering is the process by which criminals try to conceal the true origion and ownership of the proceeds of their criminal activity, allowing them to maintain control over the proceeds and, in the endRead MoreMultinational Banks and Financial Institutions1661 Words   |  7 PagesPeople in the modern world keep their funds stored in some type of financial institution, whether it’s a small local bank that only operates in a small town or a large multinational bank that has offices in every major city around the world and caters to millions of people. With the responsibility of handling the assets of millions of people banks are sometimes accused for activities that may be illegal, such as money laundering: the method of concealing illegally acquired money or invasion of a client’sRead MoreProstitution, Drugs And Money Laundering922 Words   |  4 Pages Prostitution, drugs and money laundering are all tied together in the underground world of the public crimes arena. In fact, acts are all influenced by the political, economic, and social relations intertwined with organized crime resulting in violence, public health issues, and money laundering schemes. Markets can be found online, on the streets, and through legitimate and illegitimate practices. The very nature of prostitution and drug crimes are considered victimless crimes, resulting in collateralRead MoreThe Wave of Corporate and Political Changes Since the Early 2000s875 Words   |  4 PagesSince early 2000’s the world has witnessed a series of corporate and political events which have had major impacts on investors, corporations and economies worldwide. The events which had more severe implications are the huge corporate collapses such as Enron which pointed out the issues linked to fraudulent earnings manipulation and the financial crisis of 2008. When it comes to political events, 9/11 has so far been the most devastating one. All these events and the wave of chan ges that they triggeredRead MoreNorth Korea Case Study1085 Words   |  5 Pagestactical levels. Training Circular 7-100 defines HT as, â€Å"the diverse and dynamic combination of regular, irregular, and terrorist forces, criminal elements, or a combination of those forces and elements all unified to achieve mutually benefitting effects.† NK can create strategic diversions, challenges, and deterrence through the threat of development and/or use of its WMD/missile program. NK can use missile threats on US territories to provoke offensive action, create strategic divisions betweenRead MoreBernie Madoff1600 Words   |  7 Pagescharges but when the acts of embezzling money or falsifying business records are committed a company is more apt to prosecute. People have different views regarding what is ethical and what is unethical. Some feel that it’s okay to tell a little white lie, or to make a quick long distance call on the companys dime, as long as they are not hurting anyone. In the case of Bernard Madoff unethical behavior crossed over from gray to definite black and white. The world Bernard Madoff offered to his investorsRead MoreEssay on money laundering2736 Words   |  11 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Money laundering is the routing of illegal profits from bank to bank to disguise its existence. The illegal profits are usually made through activities such as drug trafficking, prostitution rings, illegal arms sales, and various other t hings. Unfortunately money laundering is a serious crime that is still prevalent in the United States and other countries. The Russian mafia, the Triad or Chinese mafia, and the Columbian drug cartel are just a few of the groups that partake in money laundering

Double Edged Sword free essay sample

Double Edged Sword Alcohol can change a person’s life in an instant. One bad decision caused by drinking could lead up to someone losing their life. Sometimes people have second chances, but if they do not know how to take advantage of them, they might regret it later in life. I agree that Jake should not be able to get another liver transplant, is morally impermissible because of donor livers are extremely scarce and liver transplants are very expensive to perform. I propose that alcoholics who have done nothing to better their condition should be placed at the bottom of the waiting list for liver transplants. Alcoholics who have received treatment and improved their quality of life for a substantial period of time should be able to compete equally for liver transplants. I base my proposal on the considerations of fairness and distributive justice. Scarcity of donor livers forces us to make a decision in regards to who receives transplants and people who have liver damage due to no fault of their own should not be punished. We will write a custom essay sample on Double Edged Sword or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In society today people must be held accountable for their mistakes. I agree that we should not judge addicts or anybody’s choices, desires or actions because every person has the right to autonomy, and sometimes it is out of their control. â€Å"It is unfair or indeed punitive to exclude alcoholics from consideration for liver transplantation because of moral vice or an irresponsible lifestyle† (Glannon, 448). I understand that Glannon’s views are different than mine; he is explaining that sometimes people do not have control over certain diseases such as alcoholism, but I believe that patients who are still drinking alcohol should be held responsible for their behavior. If Jack has already received a liver transplant he should be in the bottom waiting list because he is not doing anything to help himself to get better. â€Å"Alcoholics should be given lower priority for a new liver because their moral vice of heavy drinking makes them responsible for their condition and effectively forfeit their claim to medical treatment† (Glannon, 447). Agreeing with this moral argument I think Jack should not get the liver because other people might need it more than he does. There is not always a second chance, which is why people should value their life and take good care of it. Liver transplantation is sometimes the only treatment for people with acute or chronic liver disease that is progressive, life-threatening and unable to be successfully treated with other therapies such as medications. Fortunately, the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) determines who is in most critical need of a liver transplant. What if after Jack comes a child that needs a liver too? I oppose giving a liver to Jack. He knowingly destroyed his liver, and will probably do it again. A child has a life in front of him/her, and had no choice in needing a new liver. Any adult knows about the effects of alcohol on the body. If he chose to destroy his liver what makes you think he would not do it again? Then the liver would go to waste, when it could have saved a childs life. Jack is a person with active alcohol abuse problems; he may continue living the unhealthy lifestyle that contributed to his damage. Transplantation would only result in failure of the newly transplanted liver. By drinking too much alcohol at any age, people can dig themselves into holes of trouble that can cause long term consequences. Effects of alcohol on the body are tremendous and can be equally as deadly. Alcoholism is a progressive disease and eventually one aspect or another of an alcoholics body will simply give out from the abuse. . Work Cited Walter Glannon. â€Å"Responsibility, Alcoholism, and Liver Transplantation†. Contemporary Bioethics: a Reader with Cases. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print.

Global Marketing and RD Essay Example

Global Marketing and RD Paper Global Marketing and R D Chapter Outline OPENING CASE: Dove – Building a Global Brand INTRODUCTION THE GLOBALIZATION OF MARKETS AND BRANDS MARKET SEGMENTATION Management Focus: Marketing to Black Brazil PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES Cultural Differences Economic Development Product and Technical Standards DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY Differences between Countries Choosing a Distribution Strategy COMMUNICATION STRATEGY Barriers to International Communication Management Focus: Overcoming Cultural Barriers to Selling Tampons Push Versus Pull Strategies Management Focus: Unilever—Selling to India’s Poor Global Advertising PRICING STRATEGY Price Discrimination Strategic Pricing Regulatory Influences on Prices CONFIGURING THE MARKETING MIX Management Focus: Castor Oil in Vietnam NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT The Location of RD Integrating RD, Marketing, and Production Cross-Functional Teams Building Global RD Capabilities SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS CLOSING CASE: Levi Strauss Goes Local Learning Objectives 1. Explain why it might make sense to vary the attributes of a product from country to country. 2. Articulate why and how a firms distribution system might vary among countries. . Identify why and how advertising and promotional strategies might vary among countries. 4. Explain why and how a firms pricing strategy might vary among countries. 5. Discuss how the globalization of the world economy is affecting new-product development within the international business firm Chapter Summary This chapter focuses on the marketing and RD activities of global firms. The chapter begins with a re view of the four elements that constitute a firms marketing mix: product attributes, distribution strategy, communication strategy, and pricing strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Marketing and RD specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Global Marketing and RD specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Global Marketing and RD specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A firms marketing mix is the set of choice that if offers its customers. Many firms vary their marketing mix from country to country depending on differences in cultures, levels of economic development, product and technical standards, the availability of distribution channels, and so forth. The chapter discusses the strategic implications of each element of the marketing mix for an international firm. The link between marketing and RD is also discussed. The author stresses the point that selling a product on a global scale may require that a firm vary its products from country to country to satisfy local preferences. This may require a firm to establish RD centers in different parts of the world, and closely link RD and marketing in each region to ensure that the company is producing products that its overseas customers will buy. Opening Case: Dove – Building a Global Brand Summary The opening case explores how Unilever’s reconfigured its marketing mix for its Dove brand. Historically, Unilever had customized its products and marketing campaigns for each market, a strategy that not only resulted in duplication of effort, but also in organizational complexity. In 2003, Unilever shifted its strategy to develop a more globally standardized approach for Dove. The company now uses a basic message for the brand, and allows some customization at the local level. Discussion of the case can begin with the following questions: QUESTION 1: How would you describe Unilever’s approach to international markets prior to 2003? What were the advantages of this strategy? What were the drawbacks of this approach? ANSWER 1: Prior to 2003, Unilever more or less approached each market individually. The company often developed entirely different products and marketing campaigns for each market. In India for example, the company developed a shampoo designed to clean hair that had been oiled. But it also developed entirely different products for both Hong Kong and China. This strategy of customizing products, packaging, and messages to individual markets while allowing the firm to cater to the individual needs of customers also led to high costs, complexity, and confusion within the organization. QUESTION 2: In 2003, Unilever adopted its Real Beauty strategy. Explain how this new strategy differed from its traditional approach to foreign markets? How should this new approach help Unilever’s international sales? ANSWER 2: Unilever’s Real Beauty strategy involved establishing a basic product and message that could be used across several markets, but that allowed for tweaking at the local level. So, rather than developing a Dove shampoo and message for the Indian market, and for the Chinese market, and so on, the company used a basic message that Dove stood for the beauty of all women, and then the product and message was adapted to local markets. So, while the basic message is the same, in the Latin America, ads might show women touching each other, but in the United States, the ad might show women standing apart from each other. Moreover, the Real Beauty message was carried through other products like body gels and skin creams allowing Unilever to further reduce its costs. So far, the new strategy seems to be working. Dove is now a leading brand in the global market place. Teaching Tip: To see learn more about Unilever’s international operations and its Real Beauty strategy, go to {http://www. unilever. com/}. Lecture Note: To extend this discussion to Unilever’s efforts to market a new shampoo in several countries, go to {http://www. businessweek. om/globalbiz/content/feb2008/gb20080215_454648. htm? chan=search}. Chapter Outline with Lecture Notes, Video Notes, and Teaching Tips INTRODUCTION A) This chapter explores how an international business can perform marketing and RD activities to reduce the costs of value creation and add value by better serving customer needs. B) The tension that exists in most international businesses between the need to reduce costs and the need to be responsive to local conditions is particularly predominant in this chapter as we look at the development and marketing of products C) The four elements that constitute a firm’s marketing mix, or set of choices the firm offers to its targeted markets, are product attributes, distribution strategy, communication strategy, and pricing strategy. THE GLOBALIZATION OF MARKETS AND BRANDS A) Theodore Levitt wrote lyrically about the globalization of world markets. Levitt’s arguments are worth quoting at some length since they have become something of a lightening rod for the debate about the extent of globalization. B) The current consensus among academics is that although the world is moving towards global markets, the continuing persistence of cultural and economic differences among nations acts as a major brake on any trend toward global consumer tastes and preferences. In addition, trade barriers and differences in product and technical standards also constrain a firms ability to sell a standardized product to a global market. Teaching Tip: Some firms area in the business of helping firms go global. One example is Global Reach {http://www. glreach. com/eng/intltrade/index. hp3} which focuses on international Internet marketing. MARKET SEGMENTATION A) Market segmentation refers to identifying distinct groups of consumers whose purchasing behavior differs from others in important ways. Firms must adjust their marketing mix from segment to segment. The goal is to optimize the fit between the purchasing behavior of consumers in a given segment and the marketing mix. B) International managers ne ed to consider the existence of segments that transcend national borders and understand differences across countries in the structure of segments. C) For a segment to transcend national borders, consumers in that segment must have some compelling similarities that lead to similarities in purchasing behavior. D) Where such similarities do not exist, there must be some customization if the firm is to maximize performance in the market. This customization may be in the product, the packaging, or simply the way in which the product is marketed. E) Global market segments are much more likely to exist in industrial products (e. g. , memory chips, chemical products, and corporate bonds) than in consumer products. Management Focus: Marketing to Black Brazil Summary This feature explores how companies are marketing to Brazil’s black population. Although Brazil is home to a sizable racial minority, to date companies have essentially ignored the market segment. Now however, companies are beginning to target the group using products and promotions specifically developed for the market. Discussion of the feature can begin with the following questions: Suggested Discussion Questions 1. Describe the differences between the black population in the United States and the black population in Brazil. What are the implications of these differences for the Brazilian culture as a whole? Discussion Points: Racial discrimination in the United States has made the country’s black population an identifiable subculture. In contrast, in Brazil racism has been more subtle, and the black population has not been excluded in the manner found in the United States. In fact, Brazil has encouraged marriages between blacks and whites. In the end, most African-Brazilians think of themselves as part of a culture that transcends race, rather than as black or white. Most students will probably suggest that this attitude promotes a more cohesive culture where biases toward or against certain groups are not prevalent. 2. How has Unilever targeted the black population in Brazil? How does the company’s strategy in Brazil differ from its strategy in other countries? What does your response tell you about Unilever’s overall global marketing strategy? Discussion Points: Because Brazil’s blacks think of themselves as falling into a range of skin tones, rather than being simply black, Unilever’s approach to the Brazilian market has been to target the entire population rather than certain segments. The company’s advertisements show people with different skin tones, not just blacks or whites, and its products are labeled as being for tan and black people so as to cover a greater range of consumers. Students will probably note that this strategy indicates that Unilever is using a localization approach for its marketing. Teaching Tip: Unilever’s web site {http://www. unilever. com/} is an interesting one to visit. You can click on countries and brands to see how the company sells its products in different markets. Lecture Note: To extend this discussion to include some of Unilever’s other efforts in foreign markets, consider {http://www. usinessweek. com/globalbiz/content/sep2007/gb20070926_123492. htm? chan=search} and {http://www. businessweek. com/globalbiz/content/aug2007/gb20070824_230078. htm? chan=search}. ? PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES A) Products sell well when their attributes match consumer needs. If consumer needs were the same the world over, a firm could s imply sell the same product worldwide. But consumer needs vary from country to country depending on culture and the level of economic development. In addition, firms are limited by countries differing product standards. Cultural Differences B) Countries differ along a whole range of cultural dimensions, including tradition, social structure, language, religion, and education. At the same time, there is some evidence of the trends Levitt talked about. Tastes and preferences are becoming more cosmopolitan. Economic Development C) Just as important as differences in culture are differences in the level of economic development. Firms based in highly developed countries tend to build a lot of extra performance attributes into their products. Consumers in less developed nations do not usually demand these extra attributes, instead the preference is for more basic products. Product and Technical Standards D) Notwithstanding the forces that are creating some convergence of consumer tastes and preferences, Levitts vision of global markets may still be a long way off due to national differences in product and technological standards. DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY A) A critical element of a firms marketing mix is its distribution strategy, the means it chooses for delivering the product to the consumer. B) Figure 15. 1 in the text illustrates a typical distribution system consisting of a channel that includes a wholesale distributor and a retailer. If the firm manufactures it product in the particular country, it can sell directly to the consumer, to the retailer, or to the wholesaler. The same options are available to a firm that manufacturers outside the country. Differences between Countries C) The four main differences between distribution systems are retail concentration, channel length, channel exclusivity, and channel quality. Retail Concentration D) In some countries the retail system is very concentrated, whereas in other countries it is fragmented. In a concentrated retail system, a few retailers supply most of the market. A fragmented retail system is one in which there are many retailers, no one of which has a major share of the market. Channel Length E) Channel length refers to the number of intermediaries between the producer and the consumer. If the producer sells directly to the consumer, the channel is very short. If the producer sells through an import agent, a wholesaler, and a retailer, a longer channel exists. F) In recent years, the Internet has helped to shorten channels as has the entry of large discount retailers to some markets. Channel Exclusivity G) An exclusive distribution channel is one that is difficult for outsiders to access. Japans system is often held up as an example of a very exclusive system. Channel Quality H) Channel quality refers to the expertise, competencies, and skills of established retailers in a nation, and their ability to sell and support the products of international businesses. The quality of retailers is good in most developed countries, but is variable at best in emerging markets and less developed countries. Choosing a Distribution Strategy I) The choice of distribution strategy determines which channel the firm will use to reach potential consumers. Since each intermediary in a channel adds its own markup to the product, there is generally a critical link between channel length and the firms profit margin. J) A long channel also has benefits. One benefit of using a longer channel is that it economizes on selling costs when the retail sector is very fragmented. Another benefit is increased market access. COMMUNICATION STRATEGY A) Another critical element in the marketing mix is communicating the attributes of the product to prospective customers. A number of communication channels are available to a firm. They include direct selling, sales promotion, direct marketing, and advertising. B) A firms communications strategy is partly defined by its choice of channel. Barriers to International Communication C) International communication occurs whenever a firm uses a marketing message to sell its products in another country. The effectiveness of a firms international communication can be jeopardized by three potentially critical variables: cultural barriers, source effects, and noise levels. Cultural Barriers D) Cultural barriers can make it difficult to communicate messages across cultures. The best way for a firm to overcome cultural barriers is to develop cross-cultural literacy. Source and Country of Origin Effects E) Source effects occur when the receiver of the message (the potential consumer) evaluates the message based upon the status or image of the sender. Source effects can be either positive or negative. A subset of source effects is referred to as country of origin effects (the extent to which the place of manufacturing influences product evaluations). Lecture Note: The class can be stimulated to think of some positive and negative source effects (German autos vs. German wine, Italian cuisine vs. British cuisine). Noise Levels F) Noise tends to reduce the chance of effective communication. In this context, noise refers to the amount of other messages that are competing for a potential consumers attention. Management Focus: Overcoming Cultural Barriers to Selling Tampons Summary This feature examines Procter Gamble’s (PG) efforts to bring tampons to the world. After purchasing Tambrands in 1997, PG found that marketing strategies that were successful in the United States failed to generate sales in many other parts of the world. PG, in an effort to reach new customers, has developed a new marketing strategy that is based on direct selling and relationship marketing. The strategy is currently being tested in Mexico, and if successful, will be implemented in other South American markets. Discussion of the feature can begin with the following questions: Suggested Discussion Questions 1. How has culture affected PG’s efforts to sell tampons around the world? Discussion Points: Culture has played a significant role in PG’s effort to sell tampons. While tampons are commonly used in North America and much of northwestern Europe, sales are almost nonexistent in other parts of the world. Many cultures link the use of tampons with a loss of virginity. The company has been forced to take a personal approach to marketing, and include education as part of its strategy. 2. PG has resorted to direct selling and relationship marketing to sell tampons. In your opinion, would these methods work in the United States? Why or why not? Discussion Points: Most students would probably argue that direct selling and relationship marketing would not be necessary in the United States where tampon usage is already high. Teaching Tip: To further explore Procter Gamble’s international marketing efforts, go to {http://www. pg. com/en_US/index. html}, and click on â€Å"PG Global Operations. † To see how PG changes its marketing mix across countries, click on several countries and follow a few products. Push versus Pull Strategies G) The main choice with regard to communication strategy is between a push strategy and a pull strategy. A push strategy emphasizes personnel selling whereas a pull strategy emphasizes mass media advertising. Th e choice between push and pull strategies depends upon product type and consumer sophistication, channel length, and media availability. Product Type and Consumer Sophistication ? H) A pull strategy is generally favored by firms in consumer goods industries that are trying to sell to a large segment of the market. In contrast, firms that sell industrial products or other complex products favor a push strategy. Channel Length I) Using direct selling to push a product through many layers of a distribution channel can be very expensive. In such circumstances, a firm may try to pull its product through the channels by using mass advertising to create consumer demand. Media Availability J) A pull strategy relies on access to advertising media. A push strategy is more attractive when access to mass media is limited. Video Note: China now has more Internet users than any other nation in the world – a situation which is sure to attract the attention of many companies that market or advertise their products using this medium. However, as the iGlobe Growing Internet Use in China Reflects Changing Society points out, Internet users in China tend to be quite different from Internet users in other countries like the United States. The Push-Pull Mix K) Push strategies tend to be emphasized more in the following circumstances: †¢for industrial products and/or complex new products, †¢when distribution channels are short, and when few print or electronic media are available. L) Pull strategies tend to be emphasized more in the following circumstances: †¢for consumer goods products, †¢when distribution channels are long, and †¢when sufficient print and electronic media are available to carry the marketing message. Management Focus: Unilever—Selling to India’s Po or Summary This feature explores Unilever’s innovative global marketing strategy. Unilever maintains a substantial presence in many of the world’s poorer nations where low-income levels, unsophisticated consumers, illiteracy, a fragmented retail distribution system, and unpaved roads make marketing difficult. Still, the company has managed to succeed thanks to its efforts to customize its marketing strategy to the local market. Discussion of the feature can begin with the following questions: ? Suggested Discussion Questions 1. Discuss the effects of India’s culture on each of the components of Unilever’s marketing strategy. What can Unilever learn from its experiences in India? Discussion Points: In India, Unilever faces numerous challenges to its marketing strategy. Income levels are low, consumers are unsophisticated and illiterate, the retail distribution system is fragmented, and the road system is poor. However, by adapting to the environment, Unilever has built a small, but successful business in the country. Because most consumers do not have access to television, the company posts advertisements in common meeting areas such as village wells and marketplaces. The company also takes part in weekly markets where it not only sells its products, but it also gives away free samples. Unilever has also made a strong effort to fit in with the country’s retail system, and stocks its products in small size packages in about 3 million stores, many of which are very tiny. 2. Is Unilever’s strategy in India a push strategy or a pull strategy? Explain. Discussion Points: Most students will suggest that Unilever’s strategy in India is a push strategy. The country has few mass media options, and consequently has been forced to take a unique approach to developing awareness of its products among consumers. Unilever representatives frequently establish a presence in locations where people tend to congregate such as riverbanks where clothes washing takes place, or the village well or marketplace. Teaching Tip: As noted earlier, Unilever’s web site {http://www. unilever. om/}is worth a visit. Go to the company’s Indian site by selecting it from the list available on the homepage and compare the company’s marketing efforts there to the strategy used in other countries. Global Advertising L) In recent years there has been much discussion about the pros and cons of standardized advertising worldwide. For Standardized Advertising M ) The support for global advertising is threefold. 1) It has significant economic advantages. 2) There is the concern that creative talent is scarce and that one large effort to develop a campaign will produce better results than 40 or 50 smaller efforts. ) Brand names are global. Against Standardized Advertising N) There are two main arguments against globally standardized advertising. 1) Cultural differences among nations are such that a message that works in one nation can fail miserably in another. 2) Country differences in advertising regulations may block implementation of standardized advertising. Dealing with Country Differences O) Some firms have been experimenting with tactics that allow them to capture some of the benefits of global standardization while recognizing differences in countries cultural and legal environments. PRICING STRATEGY A) International pricing strategy is an important component of the overall international marketing mix. Issues to consider include the case for pursing price discrimination, strategic pricing, and how regulatory factors influence prices. Price Discrimination B) Price discrimination exists whenever consumers in different countries are charged different prices for the same product. Price discrimination can help a firm to maximize its profits. C) For price discrimination to work the firm must be able to keep national markets separate and different price elasticities of demand must exist in different countries. The price elasticity of demand is a measure of the responsiveness of demand for a product to changes in price. Demand is said to be elastic when a small change in price produces a large change in demand. Demand is inelastic when a large change in price produces only a small change in demand. D) The elasticity of demand is determined by a number of factors, of which income level and competitive conditions are probably the most important. In general, price elasticity tends to be greater in countries with lower income levels and greater numbers of competitors. Strategic Pricing E) The concept of strategic pricing has three aspects, which we will refer to as predatory pricing, multi-point pricing, and experience curve pricing. Predatory Pricing F) Predatory pricing involves using the profit gained in one market to support aggressive pricing in another market. The objective is to drive competitors out of the market. ? Multi-point Pricing Strategy G) Multi-point pricing strategy becomes an issue in those situations where two or more international businesses compete against each in two or more distinct (national) markets. H) The concept of multi-point pricing refers to the fact a firm’s pricing strategy in one market may have an impact on their rival’s pricing strategy in another market. In particular, aggressive pricing in one market may elicit a competitive response from a rival in another market that is important to the firm. I) The managerial message in all of this is that pricing decisions around the world need to be centrally monitored. Experience Curve Pricing J) Many firms pursuing an experience curve pricing strategy on an international scale price low worldwide in an attempt to build global sales volume as rapidly as possible, even if this means taking large losses initially. Firms using experience curve pricing believe that several years in the future, when they have moved down the experience curve, they will be making substantial profits and, moreover, have a cost advantage over less aggressive competitors. Regulatory Influences on Prices K) Firms abilities to engage in either price discrimination or strategic pricing may be limited by national or international regulations. Antidumping Regulations L) Dumping occurs whenever a firm sells a product for a price that is less than the cost of producing it. M) From the perspective of an international business, the important point is that antidumping rules set a floor under export prices and limit firms’ ability to pursue strategic pricing. Competition Policy N) Most industrialized nations have regulations designed to promote competition and to restrict monopoly practices. These regulations can be used to limit the prices that a firm can charge in a given country. CONFIGURING THE MARKETING MIX A) Standardization versus customization is not an all or nothing concept. In reality most firms standardize some things and customize others. When looking at the overall marketing mix and message, one often finds some aspects of standardization and some aspects of customization in all products depending on local requirements and overall cost structures. Management Focus: Castrol Oil in Vietnam Summary This feature focuses on the strategies and experiences of Castrol Oil in marketing its GTX brand of motor oil around the world. Castrol Oil is the lubricants division of the British chemical, oil, and gas concern Burmah Castrol. Castrol Oil’s GTX brand of motor oil is marketed as a premium brand. The feature focuses on the company’s entries into the lubricants markets in Thailand and Vietnam . Castrol has a unique strategy of appealing to consumers who drive motorcycles, in hopes of developing brand loyalty and retaining these customers as their countries develop to the point where cars are more common. This strategy worked well in Thailand, and is currently under way in Vietnam. Discussion of the feature can begin with the following questions: Suggested Discussion Questions 1. In underdeveloped countries like Thailand and Vietnam, the conventional forms of media that are common in developed countries, like glossy print media and television, are often absent. This problem is particularly pronounced in Vietnam. Describe how Castrol Oil overcame this challenge. Does the company’s approach seem prudent to you? Explain your answer. Discussion Points: In Vietnam, Castrol Oil has focused on developing consumer awareness through the use of billboards, bumper stickers, and signs that are displayed at roadside garages and motorcycle cleaning shops. In addition, Vietnam was one of places visited by soccer star David Beckham as part of a global marketing campaign for the company. Students will probably argue that given the lack of alternatives, Castrol Oil has done well with its communications strategy in Vietnam. 2. Would you describe Castrol Oil’s communications strategy in Vietnam as a push or a pull strategy? Explain your answer. Discussion Points: Students will note that a pull strategy generally relies on access to advertising media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and the Internet. Because mass media options are limited in Vietnam, Unilever has turned to alternate communications methods such as stickers, billboards, and gas station signs. Accordingly, students will probably conclude that Castrol Oil is using a push strategy in Vietnam. ? 3. Castrol Oil emphasizes a premium pricing strategy. What elements of the company’s communications and distributions strategies support this premium pricing strategy? Discussion Points: Castrol Oil has priced its product at about three times the cost of cheaper imports from Taiwan and Thailand. Accordingly, the company has developed a slogan that indicates that Castrol Oil is the best quality lubricant in the market. Students will probably note that the company is currently focusing on targeting motorcycle users based on the assumption that consumers in this market will start driving cars when they become more affordable. Teaching Tip: To see more about how Castrol Oil handles its international marketing, go to {http://www. castrol. com}and click on the various country options to compare the products and services that are offered in different markets. Lecture Note: To get an applied look at how two companies market their products around the world consider visiting the web sites of Cadbury {http://www. cadbury. com/Pages/Home. aspx}and Kraft {http://www. kraft. com/default. aspx}. Both companies sells their products in many countries around the world, and by clicking on the various country locations, students can get a feel for which elements of the marketing mix have been standardized, and which have not. NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT A) Firms that successfully develop and market new products can earn enormous returns. Firms to need build close links between RD, marketing, and manufacturing. Video Note: One issue which firms must contend with is protecting their proprietary property. The iGlobe China Rising: Intellectual Piracy in China explores how many companies have been negatively affected by intellectual piracy by China. The Location of RD B) Ideas for new products are simulated by the interactions of scientific research, demand conditions, and competitive conditions. Other things being equal, the rate of new-product development seems to be greater in countries where: )More money is spent on basic and applied research and development. ii)Demand is strong. iii)Consumers are affluent. iv) Competition is intense. Integrating RD, Marketing, and Production C) The need to adequately commercialize new technologies poses special problems in the international business, since commercialization may require different versions of a new product to be produced for different countries. D) A firm’s new product development efforts need to be closely coordinated with the marketing, production, and materials management functions. This integration is critical to making certain that: †¢product development projects are driven by customer needs, †¢new products are designed for ease of manufacture, †¢development costs are kept in check, and †¢time to market is minimized. Cross-Functional Teams E) One means of achieving cross-functional integration is to have cross-functional product development teams. Effective cross functional teams should be led by a heavyweight project manager with status in the organization, include members from all the critical functional areas, have members located together, have clear goals, and have an effective conflict resolution process. Building Global RD Capabilities F) The need to integrate RD and marketing to adequately commercialize new technologies poses special problems in the international business because commercialization may require different versions of a new product to be produced for various countries. G) Integrating RD, marketing, and production in an international business may require RD centers in North America, Asia, and Europe that are closely linked by formal and informal integrating mechanisms with marketing operations in each country in their regions, and with the various manufacturing facilities. H) Some companies allocate product development responsibilities using a global network of RD centers that develop the basic technologies for new products which are then picked up by RD units attached to global product divisions and used to generate new products to serve the global marketplace. Critical Thinking and Discussion Questions 1. Imagine you are the marketing manager for a US manufacturer of disposable diapers. Your firm is considering entering the Brazilian market. Your CEO believes the advertising message that has been effective in the United States will suffice in Brazil. Outline some possible objections to this. Your CEO also believes that the pricing decisions in Brazil can be delegated to local managers. Why might she be wrong? Answer: While babies’ behinds serve the same function in all cultures, and the products technical standards may be similar, sensitivity to bodily functions does vary across cultures. Thus, the advertising message may need to be changed for different attitudes towards what is appropriate advertising. Likewise, where it might be progressive to show an ad with a male changing a diaper in some countries, in other countries this message could be lost or misinterpreted. Another consideration would be the noise level created by the advertising message of competitors products, which may well be different in Brazil. While local demand and price elasticity decisions should play an important role in Brazil, pricing should not be left solely to the discretion of the local managers. Since this is a global business, your firm will likely be competing in Brazil with some of the same competitors as elsewhere. Thus pricing decisions in one country can have an impact on pricing and competition in other markets. Similarly, your firm may want to position and price the brand similarly across different South American countries. 2. Within 20 years we will have seen the emergence of enormous global markets for standardized consumer products. Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer. Answer: One could either choose to agree or disagree, while the best answer would likely hedge it somewhere in the middle. There are already enormous global markets already for products like Coke and Levis, but it is questionable whether there will ever be a global consumer market for Norwegian lutefisk. More global consumer markets will likely emerge, but there will continue to be national distinctions for many products. Lecture Note: In the fall of 2008, Levi Strauss was set to launch a global marketing campaign for its 501 jeans. 3. You are the marketing manager of a food products company that is considering entering the Indian market. The retail system in India tends to be very fragmented. Also, retailers and wholesalers tend to have long-term ties with Indian food companies, which makes access to distribution channels difficult. What distribution strategy would you advise the company to pursue? Why? Answer: The firm should sell to either wholesalers or import agents. Because the retail system in India is very fragmented, it would be very expensive for the firm to make contact with each individual retailer. As a result, it would be more economical for the firm to sell to wholesalers or import agents. Import agents may have long-term relationships with wholesalers, retailers, and/or other import agents. Similarly, wholesalers may have long-standing relationships with retailers and, therefore, be better able to persuade them to carry the firm’s product than the firm itself would. 4. Price discrimination in indistinguishable from dumping. Discuss the accuracy of this statement? Answer: In some specific instances this statement is correct, but as a general rule it is not. When a firm is pricing lower in a foreign country than it is in its domestic market, it can be difficult to distinguish dumping from price discrimination unless it is clear that the firm is selling at below cost in the foreign market. Yet when costs are reasonably well known and all prices are above these, or if the firm is pricing lower in its domestic market than in foreign markets, it can be reasonably concluded that price discrimination rather than dumping is occurring. . You work for a company that designs and manufactures personal computers. Your company’s RD center is in North Dakota. The computers are manufactured under contract in Taiwan. Marketing strategy is delegated to the heads of three regional groups: a North American group (based in Chicago), a European group (based in Paris), and an Asian group (based in Singapore). Each regio nal group develops the marketing approach within its region. In order of importance, the largest markets for your products are North America, Germany, Britain, China, and Australia. Your company is experiencing problems in its product development and commercialization process. Products are late to market, the manufacturing quality is poor, and costs are higher than projected, and market acceptance of new products is less than hoped for. What might be the source of these problems? How would you fix them? Answer: The dispersion of activities makes sense products are produced in the lowest cost location and marketed by people familiar with local conditions. (The RD in North Dakota must be a historical fluke. Yet this makes the coordination task extremely complex, and information required for successful commercialization is likely not being effectively communicated among all the appropriate people. Greater cross-functional integration in the new product development process should help to improve product development and commercialization. Closing Case: Levi Strauss Goes Local Summary The closing case explores how Levi Strauss, the manufacturer of blue jeans, changed its international marketing strategy to regain its competitiveness in the mid-2000s. Levi Strauss had watched its sales fall from $7. 1 billion in 1996 to just $4 billion in 2004. The company had failed to keep up with changes in the fashion market, and was out of touch with its consumer. A three part turnaround strategy was implemented, and by 2006, the company was beginning to see some improvements. Discussion of the case can begin with the following questions: QUESTION 1: What marketing strategy was Levi Strauss using until the early 2000s? Why did this strategy appear to work for decades? Why was it not working by the 2000s? ANSWER 1: Prior to implementing its turnaround strategy in 2005, Levi Strauss had been selling essentially the same product the same way around the world. The company was able to standardize its marketing mix because differences between markets were not well defined, and it was able to capitalize on its trademark name. However, during the 2000s, competition became more intense, and variations between markets more distinct. Levi Strauss, with its one-size-fits-all approach to markets saw sales drop significantly. QUESTION 2: How would you characterize Levi’s current strategy? What elements of the marketing mix are now changed from nation to nation? ANSWER 2: Most students will probably suggest that Levi Strauss is trying to pursue a transnational strategy that allows it to standardize some parts of the marketing mix, yet gives national managers the ability to tailor other parts of the marketing mix to local markets. One of the first issues Levi Strauss addressed as part of its turnaround strategy was reducing its domestic cost structure. The company closed its remaining domestic factories and shifted production to low cost locations. Levi Strauss also introduced additional products such as its Signature line that could be sold in low priced outlets like Wal-Mart. Finally, the company decentralized its marketing to local managers giving them flexibility to adapt to local market requirements. As part of the new strategy, new styles were introduced to meet differing style preferences. In addition, the company also revamped its promotion to reflect regional differences. Price and distribution were also changed. Pricing is now done on a market-by-market basis according to the competition in each market. QUESTION 3: What are the benefits of Levi’s new marketing strategy? Is there a downside? ANSWER 3: The changes Levi Strauss made to its strategy seem to be working. Growth is expected to be especially strong in developing markets. Most students will probably note that the decision to give national managers more autonomy meant that while the company lost the benefits of economies of scale in advertising and production that it had previously had, consumers’ demands were better met. However, some students may point out that the new strategy means that differences between national markets became are now more pronounced—a change that could be an issue further down the road. QUESTION 4: What does the Levi Strauss story tell you about the â€Å"globalization of markets†? ANSWER 4: Theodore Levitt suggested that consumer tastes and preferences are becoming more global, and that standardized consumer products will become the norm. In fact, Levitt might argue that in the world of blue jeans there are strong similarities in groups such as the teen market that run across national borders. However, he might be surprised to find that strong cultural preferences also seem to exist in the market. For example, Japanese consumers prefer skinny, black jeans, while women from South Africa prefer jeans with a little more room in the backside. Many students might conclude that while there are some similarities in markets, many of the similarities are too broad to allow for a standardized marketing mix around the world. Teaching Tip: To see how the recovery at Levi Strauss has progressed, go to {http://www. levistrauss. com/} and click on â€Å"International† then explore the various topics including values and vision, and company transformation. Lecture Note: Levi Strauss seems to be taking a more standardized approach to its marketing campaign. The company began a new campaign in the fall of 2008. More details can be found in the Wall Street Journal July 18, 2008, p. B7 â€Å"Levi’s Marketers Hope One Size Fits All†. Continuous Case Concept As automakers seek to expand their market share in foreign countries, they are challenged by the age-old question of whether they can sell the same model everywhere or whether a new model must be developed to meet the needs of each individual market. Some companies like BMW and Mercedes believed, when they made North American expansion a priority, that they needed to be closer to the market in order to get a real feel for local design preferences, and so consequently moved their production to the United States. Other companies like Hyundai and Kia have established design centers in Germany to take advantage of like minds and knowledge of the local market. Honda is predicting that buyers in India will be more attracted to motorcycles than traditional vehicles. Honda, together with its Indian partner, sold more than 4 million two-wheelers in India in 2007. In Japan, automakers are trying to figure out how to get younger drivers interested in actually owning cars. Japan’s younger generation is seemingly indifferent to the notion of car ownership, preferring instead to spend their money on other things entirely. ? Ask students to discuss how Ted Levitt would view the world’s auto markets. Would he believe that standardization of the marketing mix is possible, why or why not? Did Henry Ford have the right idea (you can buy the car in any color as long as it is black)? †¢Next, develop a list of attributes that might be important in a car. What do Europeans consumers want in a c ar? How does this compare to the average American or Japanese consumer? For example, does the rugged pick-up truck driver image work in Japan? Does the sleek, powerful European car work in China? Then, consider the notion of a world car—a car that could be successful in any market. What factors could prevent the development of such a product? Consider issues related to culture, distribution, a country’s level of economic development, and so on. †¢Finally, consider mistakes foreign automakers could make when designing their cars for foreign customers. How could the presence of a joint venture partner help the company avoid these mistakes? This exercise can be used as a summary discussion for this chapter, or it can be broken down into segments. For example, the second question of this exercise works well as an introduction to international marketing. The first question can be addressed after discussing the notion of standardization of the marketing mix, and at this point, you might also revisit the second question. Finally, the third question allows you incorporate previous discussion of the benefits of a joint venture to international marketing. globalEDGE Exercises Use the globalEDGE Resource Desk {http://globalEDGE. msu. edu/ResourceDesk/} to complete the following exercises. Exercise 1 You are the marketing manager of a diversified food and beverage company. Preliminary market research indicates that Peru holds significant opportunities for your products. Using an analysis of the Food and beverage industry in Peru that you found on Austrade, the Australian government’s trade portal, prepare a short report identifying the factors that need to be considered when formulating the marketing strategy for this country. Answer: The information can be gathered by searching the phrase â€Å"Austrade† at http://globalEDGE. msu. edu/ResourceDesk/. The Austrade site is found under globalEDGE category â€Å"Research: Multicountry. † Once on the website, click on â€Å"Export Markets† menu and select â€Å"Industries within Countries,†. Then select â€Å"Food and Beverage to Peru. Search Phrase: â€Å"Austrade† Resource Name: Austrade Online Industry and Country Information Website: http://www. austrade. gov. au/Industry-overviews/default. aspx globalEDGE Category: â€Å"Industry: Industry Specific† Exercise 2 A. T. Kearney publishes an annual study to help retailers prioritize their global developm ent strategies by ranking the retail expansion attractiveness of emerging countries based on a set of criteria. Find the latest version of this Global Retail Development Index. What criteria are used to identify the attractiveness of the retail environment in emerging countries? Are there any countries in the top 10 that surprise you? Answer: The A. T. Kearney report can be accessed by using the search term â€Å"Global Retail Development Index† at http://globalEDGE. msu. edu/ResourceDesk/. The PDF report has the top 30 countries listed. The web page as well as the report describes in detail the criteria used. Search Phrase: â€Å"Global Retail Development Index† Resource Name: A. T. Kearney: The Global Retail Development Index http://www. atkearney. com/main. taf? p=5,4,1,131 globalEDGE Category: â€Å"Research: Rankings† Additional Readings and Sources of Information The Arab World Wants its MTV http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/07_43/b4055067. htm? chan=search Jack Daniel’s International Appeal http://www. businessweek. com/innovate/content/oct2007/id20071010_651037. htm? chan=search One World, One Car, One Name http://www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/08_12/b4076063825013. htm? chan=search Jaguar: Finally Ready to Roar? http://www. businessweek. com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/mar2008/db20080325_325999. htm Avoiding Faux Pas When Exporting http://www. businessweek. com/smallbiz/content/jun2007/sb20070627_897013. htm? chan=search

Free Essays on Renault & Nissan Joint Venture

Since the 1980's, and even more now in the late nineties, it has become a growing trend for companies, both large and small, domestic and foreign, to form strategic alliances within their particular industries. There are many specific goals that companies may be looking to achieve by dong this, but the main underlying reason is to guarantee the long-term sustained achievement of "fast profitable growth" for their business. They have to keep up with a rapidly increasing diversified global market and increased competition. Renault and Nissan join forces to achieve profitable growth for both companies†¦ On Saturday, March 27th, it was announced that Renault, a French car manufacturer, would be teaming up with Nissan Motor Corporation in a $5.4 billion deal that created the world's fourth largest automaker. This deal gives Renault a 36.8% stake in Nissan, a company that has been struggling financially for the past few years. "The $5.4 billion deal between Renault and Nissan hands over effective control to the French automaker in exchange for badly needed cash" (Wwodruf). There are other agreements within the contract, but they will not be discussed in much detail at this time. Both of these corporations plan on benefiting from the merger. This alliance will resolve Nissans very substantial financial problems. Renault will be given the opportunity to join the automotive big leagues at a time of global expansion in the auto industry (Marks). Market expansion will be possible because Nissan is strong i n Japan, Taiwan, Thailand and North America- markets where Renault has no presence. On the other hand, Renault is one of the top marketers in Europe, while Nissan is just a small player. Nissan is strong in trucks and luxury cars, and Renault is strong in small, mass-market cars. Even though the deal sounds great, it does not come risk-free. Many skeptics believe that the teaming up of two struggling automakers will not result in profitabilit... Free Essays on Renault & Nissan Joint Venture Free Essays on Renault & Nissan Joint Venture Since the 1980's, and even more now in the late nineties, it has become a growing trend for companies, both large and small, domestic and foreign, to form strategic alliances within their particular industries. There are many specific goals that companies may be looking to achieve by dong this, but the main underlying reason is to guarantee the long-term sustained achievement of "fast profitable growth" for their business. They have to keep up with a rapidly increasing diversified global market and increased competition. Renault and Nissan join forces to achieve profitable growth for both companies†¦ On Saturday, March 27th, it was announced that Renault, a French car manufacturer, would be teaming up with Nissan Motor Corporation in a $5.4 billion deal that created the world's fourth largest automaker. This deal gives Renault a 36.8% stake in Nissan, a company that has been struggling financially for the past few years. "The $5.4 billion deal between Renault and Nissan hands over effective control to the French automaker in exchange for badly needed cash" (Wwodruf). There are other agreements within the contract, but they will not be discussed in much detail at this time. Both of these corporations plan on benefiting from the merger. This alliance will resolve Nissans very substantial financial problems. Renault will be given the opportunity to join the automotive big leagues at a time of global expansion in the auto industry (Marks). Market expansion will be possible because Nissan is strong i n Japan, Taiwan, Thailand and North America- markets where Renault has no presence. On the other hand, Renault is one of the top marketers in Europe, while Nissan is just a small player. Nissan is strong in trucks and luxury cars, and Renault is strong in small, mass-market cars. Even though the deal sounds great, it does not come risk-free. Many skeptics believe that the teaming up of two struggling automakers will not result in profitabilit...

HS630 Week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HS630 Week 5 - Essay Example The preparedness measures and resource preparedness strategies that need to be executed to prevent and to mitigate the situation to ensure the future going concern of this business include ( Lindell 2006). Risk management procedures should be clearly outlined and operational at all the times during the business operations. This strategy is the key driver towards the implementation of the business response and recovery plans because it boosts the readiness and the preparedness of the business towards major disasters associated with the shipping agency and the liners business. This strategy involves the mobilization of the available resources and acquiring the required facilities to be used upon the eventuality of any disasters. The facilities should include fire stations and trucks, availability of highly trained staff and employees who are able to mitigate both the foreseeable and unforeseeable disaster at the ports as well as the ships in the waters ( Lindell 2006). This strategy involves the identification and the analysis of the cross-sectoral dependencies that exist in the operations of the business. The role of this strategy is to asses the reliability of the business emergency preparedness and the critical infrastructure protection, the established special team is obligated to carry out several test and exercise on the effectiveness and the reliability of the business. A special team is obligated for this task and their report is submitted to the risk management team of the company for further examinations in regard to the critical infrastructure business ( Lindell 2006). The findings on the tests and the conducted exercise are very useful in the decision making of the organization mostly used by the risk management team of the business. Effective and efficient utilization and mobilization of resources is an important aspect in the assessment of various logistics and the overall

UK Financial Services - Case Study on Borrowing Coursework

UK Financial Services - Case Study on Borrowing - Coursework Example Santander UK is an independent division that manages its own operations with a local management team. The bank has its headquarters in London and was opened in 2011. Santander’s 123 product range was ranked as the third best banking service in UK in 2013. During the same year, customers ranked the bank as the best financial service provider in UK in terms of customer satisfaction. The Nationwide BS is also an alternative and is a British financial organization ranked as the largest building society in the world. Although the institution specializes in mortgage loans and savings, it also provides services such as credit cards, bank accounts as well as insurance services. In February 2014, the company’s credit rating stood at A2 according to Moody and A with Fitch Ratings (Wachter, Cho & Tcha 2014, p.46). Santander UK offers The 123 Credit Card that allows customers to use the credit card along other loyalty cards. Additionally, the card allows users to cashback faster with up to three family members who reside near the client’s address. Similarly, the card is contactless and its users can make purchases wherever they come across the contactless symbol. When a customer pays his or her balance in full and on time at the end of each month, the service provides them with up to 56 days during which they can make interest free purchases (Rezaee 2011, p.124). The Capital One Aspire Elite credit card accommodates users who earn more than  £50,000 per annum. The card gives a 5% cashback on all purchases done within the first 99 days of opening the account. However, this cashback is limited to a maximum of  £200. After the above period, users earn 1% cashback for all successive purchases up to a total of  £15,000 that increases to 2% for purchases ranging from  £15,000 to  £50,000. Additionally, a 1.35% cashback is given to users who spend more than  £50,000 per annum. However, these rates are

Ukraine in The World Bank Group Essay Example for Free

Ukraine in The World Bank Group Essay There have been major changes that have been experienced across the world and in many countries, Ukraine being one of them. Ukraine has experienced several changes in terms of population, labour, income distribution, education, social mobility as well as the living conditions of the citizens over the year 2008 to 2015. Over the year 2008 to the year 2015, the population of Ukraine have been observed to decline due to the large number of older people. In the year 2013, the population stood at about 45.59 million people as compared to the year 2010 where the population stood at 46. 01 million people (The World Bank Group, 2015). The decline in the population of Ukraine have in turn affected the labour market of the country whereby the country has over the years experienced lack of labour in addition to higher rates of unemployment. The labour market experienced an increase in the rate of unemployment at 8.90% compared to the previous year 8.60%. As of the year 2015, about 524.4 (thousands) of Ukraine citizens were unemployed compared to the year 2014 on April when the figure stood at about 474.7 (thousands) unemployed persons. The high rate of unemployment in the country has also contributed towards the poor living conditions (The World Bank Group, 2015). It was also observed between the year 2008 and 2015 that the level of poverty in the country increased from 7.1% in the year 2008 to about 9.1% by the year 2012. The increase in the level of poverty can be attributed to the increase in inflation which rose from about 24.90% in the year 2014 to about 28.50% in the year 2015. The increase inflation also caused an increase in the core consumer prices, which increased from 122.80 in 2014 to 126.10 in 2015 (The World Bank Group, 2015). This meant that the affordability of food became an issue resulting in poor living standards and the consumers have to pay more prices for basic needs such as food. Furthermore, there has been change in the education system of the country. The number of people attending schools in Ukraine has been observed to increase over the years whereby in the year 2012, the percentage of the population seeking for education reached about 106%. This indicates that the Ukraine society have embraced education in large numbers to gain skills which can allow them to get employment in other regions across the world (Trading economics.com, 2015). On the issue of income distribution, majority of the population in Ukraine falls under the category of lower and middle income earners. The wages paid to employed persons in the country per month experienced a decline from the year 2014 to the year 2015. In 2014, the average monthly wage stood at about 4,012.00 while in the year 2015 the wages stood at 3,455.00, a clear indication that there was a decrease in the wages (Trading economics.com, 2015). Finally, the social mobility of Ukraine population has increased over the years as they seek for more opportunities outside of Ukraine. It is to be noted that most have migrated to the United States and other countries for job opportunities and to try have better lives than they did in Ukraine. References The World Bank Group (2015) Ukraine, Accessed from http://data.worldbank.org/country/ukraine on 4th March 2015 Trading economics.com (2015) Ukraine, Accessed from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/ukraine on 4th March 2015 Source document

Development of Anorexia and Bulimia Essay -- Papers Research Health We

Development of Anorexia and Bulimia Anorexia and Bulimia are two very complex conditions that have been around for quite a while, however both anorexia and bulimia amongst other eating disorders are becoming more and more prevalent in today’s society. There has been extensive press and media coverage on conditions related to eating disorders. Anorexia and bulimia are two of the most common eating disorders or two of the most prevalent eating disorders around. Conditions relating to eating disorders more than fifty or so years ago were virtually unheard of, this could be due to a number of reasons. The bulimic sufferer will binge grotesque amounts of food, literally assault themselves with more food than a body can tolerate. Bulimics have no limit at all. The compulsive overeater will at last have to stop eating if only because of the pain of their distended stomach. The Anorexic sufferer deliberately aims to lose weight and sustains this weight loss. Anorexics have an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though they are severely underweight. This intense fear is powerful enough to make an individual diet to the point of starvation. An individual who suffers from anorexia is hungry, however, refuses to eat because of the fear of gaining weight. There are thought to be various potential causes of eating disorders. According to the eating disorders research unit, institute of psychiatry (2002), some of the potential causes of eating disorders may be resulted due to the disorder having genetic links, biological factors such as chemical imbalance or malfunction, psychological cause; interpersonal fact... ...titute of Psychiatry, London, from http//:www.eatingresearch.com Accessed on April 28th 2004 Erichsen, A. (1985), Anorexia nervosa: The Broken Circle, London, Faber and Faber Fairbairn, W.R.D, (1952), Psychoanalytic Studies of personality, London, Routledge and Paul. Logue, A.W (1986), The Psychology of Eating and Drinking, New York, WH Freeman and company. MacLeod, S. (1989), The Art of Starvation, London, Virago LTD. National Eating Disorders organisation, Eating Disorders Information, United States, http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/p.asp Accessed on 19th April 2004 Sacker, I.M. and Zimmer, M.A. (1987) Dying to be Thin, United States of America, Warner Books. Watson, C. (2004) Research Methods, from http://www.colinwastonleeds.co.uk Accessed 28th April 17th, 20th, 23rd May 2004.